Abstract

Quantum physics is the science that describes how matter and light behave, usually
at or under atomic scale. However some of its predictions may seem strange or unexpected:
non-locality suggests two particles are so closely connected that observing
one instantly reflects the other’s properties, even when far apart—challenging the idea
that nothing affects anything faster than light.

Quantum theory was developed in the early 20th century and quickly generated significant
interest, but also raised many concerns. One such concern has been: Is
the theory truly complete, or are there hidden variables – information unknown to the
observer – that could explain these strange effects in a more classical, local way?
In 1964, physicist John Bell introduced Bell’s Theorem, showing that if quantum
physics is correct, then non-locality must be real. Later experiments have supported
his idea.

This project explores a variation of Bell’s Theorem: the Magic Pentagram Game. First,
mathematical models were used to predict the game outcomes. Then, using a Python
library called Cirq, the game was simulated on a local (regular) computer both under
ideal conditions and with added noise to mimic real experiments. Both the theoretical
results and the simulations suggest that quantum theory is complete and that no
hidden variables can be added to better explain the strange effects. However, these
findings cannot be considered definitive proof of this, as the simulations were run on
local hardware and the noise models were overly simplified.